Transcript of Module 2C Preliminary Hearing on 12 December 2023

(1.45 pm)

Lady Hallett: Good afternoon. This is the third preliminary hearing into Module 2C, and Ms Clair Dobbin, Counsel to the Inquiry for this module, is going to set out the issues that are going to be put before me this afternoon.

1. Statement by Lead Counsel to the Inquiry for Module 2C

Ms Dobbin: Thank you, my Lady. I appear today with Nick Scott, and on behalf of the counsel team I just want to welcome those representing core participants who are joining this hearing from Northern Ireland, and of course those who are present before you as well.

This is a hybrid hearing, it’s being broadcast so that anyone who wants to is able to join it. Of course that means that it’s subject to a three-minute delay; that means if anything is said that ought not to be, the feed can be broken. We don’t expect anything like that to happen today, but I just thought I’d mention it because these short interruptions can sometimes happen.

So before you in the Inquiry room are Mr Peter Wilcock King’s Counsel, who represents the Northern Ireland bereaved families for justice, Ms Nessa Fee who appears on behalf of the Executive Office of Northern Ireland, and Ms Charlotte Godber, who represents the National Police Chiefs’ Council.

There are a number of core participants who also appear before you today, and by way of remote attendance. A number of these will be familiar to you.

Disability Action Northern Ireland are represented by Bhatt Murphy solicitors.

Baroness Arlene Foster and Mr Paul Givan are represented by Ms Julie Ellison.

Ms Michelle O’Neill is represented by Mr Bassett and Ms O’Flaherty today and Ó Muirugh Solicitors.

The Commissioner for Older People for Northern Ireland is represented by Ms Anyadike-Danes King’s Counsel.

The Northern Ireland Department of Health is also represented, and by Fiona Fee, and the Departmental Solicitor’s Office as well.

And the Northern Ireland Department of Finance is also represented by Nicolas Hanna and the Departmental Solicitor’s Office.

My Lady, as you know, the Trades Union Congress and the Northern Ireland Committee and the Irish Congress of Trade Unions are also core participants, but they are not in attendance at today’s hearing.

My Lady, by way of introduction, may I say how grateful I am to all of my learned friends for their help and engagement, including with me in the lead-up to this hearing. Of course it corresponds with the close of the evidence in Module 2, and the Module 2C team thought that it was important at this juncture and ahead of this hearing to make contact with the other legal teams representing core participants, just asking them to consider or reflect upon any linkage that there was between the issues that had arisen in Module 2 and Module 2C that they might want to raise with us or anything new that had arisen.

Plainly what happened in the devolved administrations is the other side of the coin to the events being investigated in Module 2, and it’s anticipated that much evidence which you heard in Module 2 will be just as important to those who were involved in making analogue decisions in Northern Ireland and those whose lives were so profoundly affected, both by Covid-19 and government decision-making in Northern Ireland. And if any of my learned friends to whom I’ve not spoken would wish to make submissions today about that, then of course they would be welcome, but I wanted to emphasise that they will also have that opportunity to discuss those matters with us when the Inquiry team visits Northern Ireland in January to have those meetings, and if I may I’ll come back to that very shortly.

My Lady, you have in your bundle and the legal team has in preparation for this hearing circulated to core participants an updated list of issues, and I want to thank my learned friends again for contributing to that with care. We’re all aware that it is an ambitious list, but it ought to assist important witnesses who are in the process of preparing their witness statements, and it ought also to provide the focus for the hearings which will take place in due course, and I’ll come back to the detail about those hearings as well.

But on the subject of witness statements, I wanted to make clear, if I may, on behalf of the legal team, and wanted to acknowledge at the outset of this hearing, that the Module 2C team has been demanding in terms of what it has asked of government departments and individual witnesses in Northern Ireland. The Inquiry is aware that the absence of power-sharing arrangements has added to pressures on departments and the civil servants, specifically in responding to this Inquiry.

Additionally, parts of the Northern Ireland Government and individual witnesses have had to respond to Modules 1, 2 and 3 whilst simultaneously responding and providing disclosure to Module 2C. We’re also aware that they don’t have comparable resources to those of the UK Government as well.

It’s right that we acknowledge that the Executive Office alone has provided already in excess of 24,000 documents to Module 2C, and we also know that many of those individuals of whom we have sent detailed Rule 9 requests are, for the most part, public servants and have demanding jobs, and we’re conscious and mark that a heavy burden has fallen on the Northern Ireland Chief Medical Officer in this regard.

But my learned friends will well understand that this is an Inquiry where that underlying detail matters. We will not and we will never have time in a public hearing to call witnesses to investigate each and every aspect of the decision-making or to take them through every relevant document. That’s not realistic.

The underlying material is, therefore, necessary in order to inform the detailed questioning of witnesses, for report writing and of course, most important, the making of recommendations as well.

The Module 2C legal team has sought to be as accommodating as it possibly can be, given the pressures that Northern Ireland government departments are subject to. We have provided extensions to Rule 9 requests, we’ve tried to stagger Rule 9 requests as well, but as the hearing gets closer inevitably the ability to afford latitude decreases.

We wanted to mention that today on behalf of the Inquiry because it’s particularly important that former ministers bear this in mind. The Inquiry sent detailed Rule 9 letters to those former ministers, and in respect of a number of them they were about 50 pages long, or longer, contingent on the level or the range of responsibilities that that individual had. Ministers were referred to a number of underlying documents, in order that they could provide a response to the Inquiry that was first of all structured but which also addressed the detailed list of issues which has been circulated.

I do want to make it clear that many ministers are in the process of providing their first drafts to the Inquiry, and we haven’t had sight of them. So the observations that I make do not apply to all ministers.

I wanted to make clear that as part of the preparation for the hearings, and of course to ensure that they’re effective, we are closely monitoring the compliance of witness statements with the questions that have been asked in the Rule 9 request whenever a draft comes back. We are in the process of going back to some former ministers because the statements they’ve provided do not sufficiently engage with the underlying material which was put to them.

Whilst no final decisions have been made about who will be called to give evidence, it is likely that each former minister will be called at the hearings. There will be no hesitation in the hearing about making clear the question which any witness was asked but failed to properly engage with or answer in their written statement. Witnesses who fail to answer questions they have been asked to address in a witness statement will have to account for that failure on oath in the witness box, and they will ultimately have to answer those questions as well.

I should also mention, of course, my Lady, that you do have the power to compel the production of written evidence under section 21 of the Inquiries Act 2005. It’s hoped that this will not be necessary. Plainly it’s in no one’s interest, but certainly not those of the witness, to fail to engage in the process of providing detailed evidence in writing prior to giving oral evidence.

My Lady, it’s worth reflecting, and of course reiterating, that one of the most important reasons why this Inquiry was instituted was to make recommendations and to consolidate that which has been learnt from the response to the pandemic. In its report of 9 March 2023, the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency estimated that there were 4,075 excess deaths in Northern Ireland from 1 March 2020 to 31 March 2022. In the same period there were 5,060 Covid-related deaths in Northern Ireland.

My Lady, as you know, having just heard this evidence, Professor Sir Chris Whitty in his evidence in Module 2 said that he perceived a difference between how the UK system collectively approached geopolitical threats like terrorism as compared to how they approached natural threats or hazards. Put simply, if government knew that there was a terrorist event in the planning, and that thousands of people might lose their lives, then that might or would prompt a different sort of response as compared to that of a developing pandemic.

You haven’t made any findings in Module 2 about those observations, but nonetheless Professor Sir Chris Whitty’s framing of the issue might be a helpful one, and one that might resonate also in Northern Ireland.

Faced with information that this was a pandemic which might kill thousands, and of course the point at which that was understood by ministers in Northern Ireland is extremely important, did ministers grasp the urgency and respond with alacrity? Did the civil contingencies arrangement kick in and provide an effective framework within which to manage the pandemic? Fundamentally, were there limitations in the response and what were the reasons for them? To what extent was any response in Northern Ireland conditioned by the response by the UK Government which Module 2 has thrown more light on in the course of its investigations?

The position of Northern Ireland during the pandemic was of course completely different to that of the UK, and indeed to the rest of Europe. It affords the Inquiry to consider the unique challenges which present themselves in a post-conflict society and which governs on the basis of power sharing.

These are important issues deserving of the most sober and serious consideration, and returning, if I may, to former ministers, their written and oral evidence will obviously be vital for considering all of these important issues and what could be done better in the event of a future pandemic, and of course one which might be more transmissible or have a higher fatality rate, the prospect of which is not fanciful.

The people of Northern Ireland are as entitled to full consideration of this as in any other part of the UK, and we on their behalf will strive to get the answers to those issues which have been identified.

So may I, on behalf of the Inquiry, say to former ministers, and indeed all witnesses, to help the Inquiry by being candid, by putting aside political differences or sensitivities and helping the Inquiry to understand the realities of responding to the pandemic in Northern Ireland. And can I say on behalf of the legal team that our door is always open in terms of providing assistance or guidance or anything that we can do to help achieve this.

If I may, then, my Lady, coming back to the meetings that I mentioned in January, the legal team will be there in order to meet core participants and to discuss the hearings which will commence on 30 April 2024. As ever, it’s an opportunity for us to listen and to make sure that we have understood any outstanding issues or points that need to be resolved well in advance of the hearing.

My Lady, that’s all by way of introduction.

Can I turn, then, to update. Module 2C is at a critical juncture, the hearings will start in less than five months’ time. We of course have the luxury of being the last of the hearings in the devolved administrations, and that has afforded us the opportunity not just to put specific evidence to witnesses before sending them out Rule 9 requests, but indeed been able to put evidence that was heard in Module 2 to some witnesses as well. But as I’ve said, time is increasingly short.

We alerted core participants in the pre-hearing note to the fact that the Department of Health in Northern Ireland had been particularly slow in responding to the Rule 9 request made of it for a witness statement, and the requests made of it for disclosure.

I can update you, though, that since that note was circulated, the Department of Health has provided its draft witness statement. It’s in three parts and is approximately 527 pages long. The statement exhibits 1069 documents. I can also say that the department is in the process of providing its general disclosure, and again that the Module 2C legal team is working with it to ensure that its general disclosure exercise is focused upon the most important categories of material having regard to the Module 2C list of issues. As ever, we try to get the balance right between that disclosure which is unfocused and not helpful and that which will be the most relevant to the list of issues.

My Lady, then in terms of the Rule 9 requests, the statements and the exhibits that we have sought and received, I can tell you that we have sought witness statements from or on behalf of, amongst others, first of all, the Executive Office itself, every government department in Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Office, the Public Health Agency, the Health and Safety Executive in Northern Ireland, the Police Service of Northern Ireland, NISRA, which is the statistics agency that I referred to earlier, and the Regulation and Quality Improvement Agency, and that’s the body in Northern Ireland which both registers and inspects a range of health and social care services.

We’ve sought statements from former and serving senior civil servants who were central to the response to the pandemic, so amongst a number these include Sir David Sterling and Mr Richard Pengelly.

We have sought a statement from Ms Sue Gray, who was the former permanent secretary to the Department of Finance in Northern Ireland, who was on secondment from the Cabinet Office, and who was the second permanent secretary to the Cabinet Office. We hope that she might be able to assist as to some of the significant differences in terms of how the civil service operates at central government as compared to Northern Ireland Government, and also to see if she may provide helpful evidence on the differences in that role in the context of power sharing as well.

We’ve sought statements from the Chief Medical Officer and the Chief Scientific Adviser. We’ve made a further detailed request of the CMO. We’ve sought statements from some of those who were involved in actual modelling in Northern Ireland. We’ve sought statements from specific special advisers, from the former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Sir Brandon Lewis, and, most significantly of all, statements from each minister who was in post from the return of power sharing in January 2020 through to 2022. Again, my Lady, as you would expect, we’ve also sought statements from those organisations who represent the different interests of groups within Northern Irish society as well, and I know a number of these will be familiar to you, but they include the Equality Commission, Mr Eddie Lynch, who is the Commissioner for Older People, who you know, and Disability Action as well.

So that’s to give you an idea and to give core participants an idea of the extent of the evidence which has been sought. In terms of onward disclosure to our core participants, to date Module 2C has received in excess of 35,000 documents. These include notes and minutes of Executive Committee meetings, the briefing papers that were circulated for ministers for consideration at the Executive Committee meetings, internal departmental briefing papers, notes and minutes of meetings, the advice provided by the CMO, and documents setting out the modelling of the pandemic in Northern Ireland as well.

Now, of course, not all of those 35,000 documents will necessarily be relevant and disclosed on. The Inquiry thus far has disclosed over 12,000 documents and of course that process is ongoing and continues.

So Module 2C has disclosed a very considerable volume of material, and, my Lady, if I may, I wanted to thank the team of paralegals who have achieved this. They work really hard at a difficult task and one which goes unseen, but they are the engine room of providing disclosure to core participants. And I’m very conscious that the Module 2C team is about to enter a period of really hard work in terms of getting in a number of witness statements and exhibits, and it’s right to say and mark that the paralegal team will play a really important part of our work and in enabling us to provide the onward disclosure to core participants.

The other part of that work is of course the cross-disclosure from Module 2 as well. There is an obvious body of material from Module 2 that will be relevant to Module 2C. So, by way of very simple example, there will be all of the material like the SAGE minutes or advice, the NERVTAG documentation, which will need to be put to certain witnesses in Module 2C as well, or as part of the exercise of ascertaining what information was known in Northern Ireland at or around the same time it was known by the UK Government.

I should say that relevant documents from Module 2 are also being disclosed in Module 2C on a rolling basis, and of course my learned friends may also wish to flag to us any material in particular that they, on behalf of a core participant, consider to be relevant and important for Module 2C, if by any chance this hasn’t been disclosed.

My Lady, the Module 2C team is also aware that some core participants were told in Module 2 that some of the questions they sought to ask would be more relevant in Module 2C, and the invitation is made to all my learned friends that it would be helpful if they gave us sight of any questions that they were told should be asked in Module 2C or would be more relevant, and in particular if they flagged up those questions which they regarded as most important and which they didn’t get the opportunity to ask. And again, it’s just to make sure that we have early sight of that and can think about it at this stage.

My Lady, may I turn, then, to the issue of WhatsApps and other informal forms of communication.

My Lady, Module 2C saw some focus on communications via WhatsApp or similar types of communications. These sorts of communications may be of a forensic value in preserving what individuals thought or knew at a given point in time, and in these submissions I will refer to WhatsApp, if I may, as a shorthand for all similar forms of informal communications.

Before I address you on that, I think it’s important, though, to say that in Module 2C we do have the handwritten notes of the Executive Committee meetings, and these do provide the Inquiry with some insight into the different positions that were taken by ministers when it came to those core important decisions upon which we’re focused, and of course convey those decisions which were more particularly fraught.

We can see in the underlying notes criticisms that ministers appeared to make of each other or material that they had been provided with, and indeed in Northern Ireland some ministers made public differences of opinion as well.

Ultimately, if I can distill it in this way: what the Inquiry is concerned with are those decisions which ministers actually made, the process by which they made those decisions, the information that was available to them, and the effectiveness of the core Northern Ireland Government response to Covid-19, all to the end to considering what might be done better in the future. There will be many sources of evidence upon which those matters can be assessed, and again the Executive Committee notes will be of great use in that.

But turning to WhatsApps, in June 2021, following the Prime Minister’s confirmation that a statutory Inquiry into the pandemic would take place, the Director General of Propriety and Ethics in the Cabinet Office, Mr Darren Tierney, wrote to the permanent secretaries of each devolved administration asking them to take steps to ensure that their departments would be ready to meet their obligations when the UK Covid Inquiry began its work, and in particular the departments were asked to ensure that no material of potential relevance to the Inquiry was destroyed.

On 20 January 2022, Ben Connah, now Secretary to the Inquiry, wrote to Mr Tierney asking that this message be reiterated across the departments. Mr Connah in particular drew attention to the retention of material, including emails, text or WhatsApp messages and other communications. Following the Inquiry’s request, Mr Tierney again wrote to permanent secretaries, both of Whitehall departments and of the devolved administrations, reiterating that message and reminding them of their obligations under the Inquiries Act 2005.

My Lady, I should say that the Inquiry’s correspondence about this is publicly available on the website as well.

In September 2022, Module 2C sent a Rule 9 request to the TEO asking to be provided with information concerning the extent to which there was informal communication, including by way of WhatsApp, and similar requests were made of the Department of Health and the Public Health Agency in October 2022, and the Chief Medical Officer in November 2022 as well.

So, in other words, at an early stage, Module 2C sought to understand whether and to what extent these informal channels of communication were used in Northern Ireland as part of the government response to the pandemic, and this was sought so that the legal team had an informed basis then upon which to send Rule 9 requests in order to elicit messages. But ultimately the detail that was sought wasn’t provided.

In late July 2023, the Inquiry wrote to the TEO requesting detailed information about the use of WhatsApps in connection with the Northern Ireland Government decision-making during the pandemic. We sought policies surrounding their use and details of groups and individual use of those forms of messaging. This request was subsequently provided by TEO to all Northern Ireland Government departments for their individual response.

In August 2023, the Executive Office notified the Module 2C legal team of a potential loss of data in relation to the Northern Ireland civil service-supplied devices that were held by former executive ministers and senior civil servants.

TEO informed the Inquiry that the government-supplied devices of the former First Minister, Baroness Arlene Foster, and the deputy First Minister, Ms Michelle O’Neill, had been reset to factory settings. It was said that this was also the position in relation to other ministers and meant that no data was available from those devices.

The Module 2C legal team immediately expressed grave concern that this should have occurred, and immediately sought the detail of what had happened.

TEO informed the Inquiry that it would ascertain the circumstances in which the data loss arose. This became a formal investigation. A report was initially due to be provided to the Inquiry in October 2023, but was ultimately provided late on Friday evening just gone, that is 8 December.

The Inquiry, in advance of this, had also issued a further Rule 9 request to the Executive Office seeking a witness statement which provided details of the use of personal and civil service-supplied mobile devices by Northern Ireland Government ministers, special advisers and senior civil servants, the policies concerning the use of such devices, the extent of the use of informal messaging systems like WhatsApp and the applicable policies regarding their use, and, particularly, evidence of the circumstances and the extent of the potential data loss incident described above.

That draft statement was also due on 8 December, but is now overdue. TEO have indicated to the Inquiry that it will be provided either this week or before Christmas, but, my Lady, the Inquiry will be fixing a date by which that statement must be received.

That Rule 9, that request required disclosure of the investigation report and copies of all relevant informal communications, including messages sent by way of WhatsApp or any other informal messaging platform between ministers, advisers, party officials or senior civil servants concerning the management of the pandemic during the relevant period. And, again, on 21 November 2023, the Module 2C legal team sent a similar Rule 9 request across all Northern Ireland departments seeking the same disclosure, and again in respect of the same groups of people as well.

My Lady, because the report was only served late on Friday evening, the legal team has had limited ability to analyse its contents and to consider next steps. Plainly it requires very careful consideration, but so too does the witness statement which we expect to receive imminently as well.

In addition to all of that, and all of that work which has been done by the Inquiry, in addition to the evidence that has been sought from the Executive Office, in October and November 2023 the detailed Rule 9 requests were issued, and that was as part of the general process of sending Rule 9 requests to significant witnesses, including the former ministers, which included a request to them for disclosure of WhatsApp messages from each of those witnesses.

It’s important to say that in all that approach has begun to yield material. Module 2C has received WhatsApp material from Northern Ireland Government departments, including TEO. A number of individual witnesses, including former ministers, have also provided some evidence as to their use of and retention of WhatsApp messaging as well, and we are in the process of reviewing the WhatsApp material which individual ministers have been provided.

So, my Lady, if I may, cutting through this, that some devices have been reset does not mean that there isn’t WhatsApp material. There is. But we will continue to work to secure that WhatsApp material which is still available, alongside the separate consideration, of course, as to how certain devices came to be reset in the first instance.

Like much in this Inquiry it may be a question of balance and judgement. Whilst WhatsApps can yield nuggets of unvarnished thought or plain speaking, and help to pin down what was known or thought at a given point, and Module 2C wishes to be able to consider the use of informal communications and what they reveal, we do need to be careful that the use of WhatsApp doesn’t deflect attention or divert resources away from the long list of serious issues that need to be considered in Module 2C, and the voluminous evidence which does exist about decision-making.

My Lady, of course the question of the wiping or the resetting of devices itself remains at large, but you will undoubtedly want to have time to properly consider the report produced by the TEO and the witness statement. You may also wish to consider the issue of the resetting devices as part of your overall consideration about the use of informal communications in Module 2C. So I suppose, in other words, you may want to hear evidence or understand more about the extent to which informal communication was used and was regulated, including about the preservation of messaging. You may wish to be able to judge overall the effect of any wiping or resetting devices in light of the material which is disclosed, and having heard from witnesses as to the use of WhatsApps more generally.

So, in other words, you may wish to consider these issues in a broader evidential context, and that may be a matter which you wish to keep under review.

I should also mention that inspection of the notebooks which TEO has been able to make available has taken place. Some 26 notebooks have been inspected thus far. I think at paragraph 17 of the Executive Office’s submissions, it suggests that TEO holds notebooks used by other officials in the event that these may be requested for disclosure. If this is to suggest or gives the appearance that the Inquiry has not been pursuing inspection of all notebooks, it’s not correct. On 23 November, after the inspection of the notebooks took place, the Inquiry asked TEO to confirm that it had provided a complete list of the custodians of notebooks held by the Executive Office. They were asked whether it was contemplated that further notebooks would be made available for inspection at a later date, and the Inquiry has since received from the Executive Office a definitive list of all further custodians of notebooks that are held by the TEO. Obviously further consideration has been given to what of those notebooks should be inspected by the Inquiry.

Again, my Lady, I should make clear that all individual witnesses have also been asked that they provide their notebooks or other form of written records, and other Northern Ireland departments have also been asked to provide a list of notebook custodians as well, again to assist the Inquiry as to what further notebooks may be inspected.

My Lady, may I turn, then, to the separate issues in terms of the list of issues and plans for the hearing in Northern Ireland, beginning in April, and the provisional list of witnesses.

As I said, at the outset, the list of issues in Module 2C is an ambitious one. Ensuring that each issue is investigated and considered will require rigour and discipline on the part of all, in particular at the oral hearings. A number of core participants commented on the list of issues and the list of issues was amended in light of this. Where suggested changes weren’t made, it was because the legal team considered that the issues fell within one of the broader issues that had already been identified. We’ve sought to strike a balance between a detailed list of issues and being too prescriptive. We’ve sought consistency where we could with Module 2 and 2A and B, but clearly there are a number of issues which found no analogue in Module 2 or the other administrations.

As to the oral hearings, they will commence on 30 April 2024, they will last for three weeks. They’ll take place at the Clayton Hotel, which is in central Belfast.

In order to try to assist with the preparation of the hearing, and in order to help focus the hearings and the issues that are of most consequence, we will provide a number of documents as an aid. So we will provide a chronology of key decisions and events, preparation of which is well under way, key statistical information which Counsel to the Inquiry will use in setting out background information about health inequalities on the eve of the pandemic and overall figures, for example, relating to deaths and as they took place at specific points in time, and the evidence proposals for witnesses as well.

We will circulate in January 2024 a provisional witness list and timetable which the legal team will also be able to discuss with core participants when we meet them next year. The Module 2C team has written to potential witnesses, and again I emphasise potential, to put them on notice of the dates of hearings and to ask them to provide any dates to avoid.

No decisions have been made as to which witnesses will ultimately be required to give evidence. As noted, it’s likely that all former ministers will be called, given that they comprised the Executive Committee. The Inquiry expects to receive, as I’ve said, those statements in the coming weeks, and we’ll obviously hear representations from core participants as well as to which witnesses ought to be called. So because a witness has been asked to provide dates to avoid, it doesn’t mean they will necessarily be called to give evidence. It’s also possible that additional witnesses will be identified as well, and required to give evidence, who haven’t yet been notified.

My Lady, on behalf of the Module 2C team, we also very much hope that those whose interests are represented by organisations like Bereaved Families and Disability Action Northern Ireland and the Commissioner for Older People will come to the hearings. They will be most welcome.

My Lady, in Module 2, a number of experts were also instructed and their evidence will also be relevant to Module 2C. If I may just very briefly touch upon those.

As you’re aware, Professor Thomas Hale from the Blavatnik School of Government gave evidence in Module 2 as to international data relating to the pandemic, and he undertook a comparative analysis of decision-making in the UK and each devolved administration in relation to Covid-19, and he gave evidence and his report was adduced on 11 October in Module 2.

Also Professor Ailsa Henderson from the University of Edinburgh gave evidence on devolution within the UK as well, and her report was also adduced in October.

Other expert evidence which is of indirect relevance to Module 2C but nonetheless important background was given by Alex Thomas and Gavin Freeguard as well, and that was evidence on the decision-making structures of the UK Government in emergency situations, and in particular how the Cabinet Office, Cabinet committees and the office of the Prime Minister function. Gavin Freeguard provided evidence about access to and use of data by the UK Government during the pandemic.

My Lady, I should point out here that witnesses in Northern Ireland, like the Chief Scientific Adviser and the Chief Medical Officer, have been asked to provide evidence about any limitations on the availability or quality of data in Northern Ireland.

My Lady, in your ruling of 9 March 2023 you directed that the Inquiry should obtain evidence from an expert or experts on the nature and degree of pre-pandemic structural racism. Your ruling provided, at paragraphs 36 and 37, that expert evidence should be obtained regarding pre-existing structural discrimination on other grounds and, as you’re aware, this led to the Inquiry obtaining expert evidence in relation to a number of different groups across society, and that evidence is also relevant to Northern Ireland as well.

Again, if I may summarise, Professor James Nazroo and Professor Laia Bécares provided evidence on pre-pandemic inequalities on grounds of race. That was adduced on 5 October 2023 in Module 2.

Professor Thomas Shakespeare and Professor Nicholas Watson provided evidence on pre-pandemic inequalities related to disability, which of course is an important issue in Module 2C.

Professor Laia Bécares also provided evidence on inequalities experienced by the LGBTQ+ community, and again that was adduced in the course of Module 2 as well.

Dr Clare Wenham, who is a professor of global health policy at the LSE, provided expert evidence on pre-pandemic gender equalities, and again that was adduced in the course of Module 2.

My Lady, I note in relation to gender equality in Northern Ireland, there is a specific issue about the availability of abortion services during the pandemic, and again that is something about which we’ve sought evidence.

Professor David Taylor-Robinson provided evidence on pre-pandemic childhood inequalities.

Separate to the commission of evidence on structural inequalities, the Inquiry also obtained expert evidence from Professor Chris Brightling and Dr Rachael Evans on Long Covid as well, and again that was adduced in the course of the Module 2 public hearing.

So, my Lady, if I can summarise it in this way: you considered a very broad span of expert evidence in Module 2, and in particular evidence that illuminated the extent to which certain groups within society faced particular systemic disadvantage on the eve of the pandemic, and that will be relevant to Module 2C as well.

In addition, in Module 2C you will also have evidence from organisations who represent such groups or work on the issues which affect those groups as well, so you will have first-hand evidence about that as well.

In addition to all of that, the Inquiry has also instructed two experts for the purpose of Module 2C alone. My Lady, those experts are Professor Karl O’Connor, who is a reader in public administration, he is the research director for social work and social policy, and a co-director of the Centre for Public Administration at the Ulster University as well.

Professor Ann-Marie Gray is a professor of social policy at the School of Criminology, Politics and Social Policy at the Ulster University. The Inquiry has sought expert evidence from them on the constitutional arrangements which provide for the government in Northern Ireland on power-sharing structures and how, practically, these work. They have been asked to consider the arrangements which were made in Northern Ireland for responding to the pandemic, and further questions relevant to Module 2C’s list of issues.

We’ve also asked Professor Gray to provide some additional evidence on the issue of health inequalities specific to Northern Ireland as existed at the outbreak of the pandemic.

My Lady, we anticipate that they will provide a first draft of their report by the end of December 2023. The aim is that the final version will be available in early 2024, and core participants will have an opportunity to comment on that draft prior to finalisation.

My Lady, it’s also important and right to mention that of course the issue of the absence of power sharing prior to the pandemic and the impact this had is important to a number of core participants, and of course one of the reasons for that is because of Northern Ireland’s health service and the reports that had recommended reform prior to power sharing resuming, which was of course at one and the same time as the pandemic was developing.

I suppose, to put it in ordinary language, whether Northern Ireland went into the pandemic 2-nil down on account of the lack of ministerial oversight of health services for the three years prior to the pandemic occurring, and all that I wanted to say was that a number of witnesses have been asked to address that point in their Rule 9s.

Finally, then, if I may turn to Every Story Matters and commemoration and the impact film which will be shown at the hearings as well.

My Lady, Every Story Matters is the means by which the Inquiry offers to any adult who wishes to the opportunity to provide an account to the Inquiry about their experience of the pandemic. It’s by this mechanism that the Inquiry seeks to record and understand how the pandemic affected lives across the UK.

An updated web form was made available in late May and thousands of responses have been shared so far. The Inquiry has worked alongside charities and other organisations to encourage people who wouldn’t normally come forward to do so, and the Inquiry will undertake further work to raise awareness of Every Story Matters in Northern Ireland from the beginning of April 2024, and I know, my Lady, that you would want to ensure that people in Northern Ireland know that the Inquiry wishes to hear from them. Their voices really matter.

And of course there must be many people who would rather put the pandemic behind them, given how awful it was for them, but it’s so important that the Inquiry records and preserves that experience, and again uses it to improve any response to future pandemics. And of course there will be people for whom the pandemic provokes great pain and who continue to grieve, but again, my Lady, I know that you would want those people particularly in Northern Ireland to know how profoundly valued their participation would be.

The Inquiry has also launched a pilot programme of UK-wide Every Story Matters events. These will test different ways to enable people across the UK to speak to the Inquiry about what happened in their lives during the pandemic. Some of these events are targeted towards specific groups of people affected by the pandemic and those are open to the general public. The Inquiry has already visited Belfast, of course, to speak with bereaved families and will be holding events in one or two locations across Northern Ireland in the New Year, and detail about this will be provided in the Inquiry’s newsletters and on the Every Story Matters events page of the Inquiry’s website.

The Inquiry team also hopes to pilot the sharing of experiences through British Sign Language in the New Year, an issue of some importance to CPs.

My Lady, the hearings will commence on 30 April 2024 with a film about the impact that Covid-19 had in Northern Ireland. Although no decisions have yet been made about how many witnesses might be called from these organisations, the Inquiry will also hear evidence for and on behalf of the Northern Ireland Covid-19 Bereaved Families for Justice and Disability Action Northern Ireland as well.

We hope that the film and this evidence will serve to remind everyone at the outset of the hearing the fundamental reason why this Inquiry matters so much, and why the co-operation of witnesses in the oral hearings is vital.

My Lady, if I may, I’ll finish on the proposed meetings between the Module 2C legal team and the core participants who wish to speak to us.

This will be an important opportunity for CPs to discuss lines of investigation, disclosure and the proposed witness list as well, and we encourage all core participants to meet with us. It will undoubtedly help us in our preparations.

My Lady, unless I can assist you any further, may I suggest that you hear from those of my learned friends who would wish to make submissions, and I think you’re going to hear from Northern Ireland Covid Bereaved Families for Justice first, and particularly Mr Peter Wilcock who represents them.

Lady Hallett: Thank you very much, Ms Dobbin.

Mr Wilcock.